A Brief Overview of Three Key Jewish Prayers
Perhaps the most well-known Jewish prayer is the “Shema”. This prayer is recited twice per day (morning and evening). The prayer is translated as “Hear Israel”, and refers to the entire verse “Hear O Israel, the Lord Thy God, the Lord is One.”
Christians are familiar with the “Shema”, because it is quoted in the Gospel of Mark. A scribe asked Jesus which commandment is greatest of all. Jesus replied “Hear, O Israel; the Lord our God is one Lord.”
The Shabbat typically begins (on Friday evening) with candle-lighting and “Kiddush”. The Sabbath table is set with two candles (or more), a special kiddush cup is filled to the rim with wine or grape juice, and two loaves of challah bread.
The candle-lighting on Friday evening occurs 18 minutes before sunset. The prayer “Ner Shel Shabbat” is usually said by the lady of the house. This is followed by Kiddush, which includes blessings over the wine and the bread.
“Lecha Dodi” is a song sung on Friday evening to greet “the Sabbath Queen”. Literally, the phrase means “Come My Beloved”. The Sabbath itself is referred to as a “bride” in this song.
Many other songs and prayers fill the Sabbath, which is concluded Saturday evening with a brief ceremony called “Havdalah”. It should be performed no earlier than nightfall (when three stars can be seen in the sky) on Saturday night. The word itself comes from the Hebrew word “L’HAVDIL”, meaning to separate or to distinguish.
The short Havdalah service includes three brachot (blessings). The first is over a cup overflowing with wine (or grape juice). The second is over spices, which remind us of the sweet smell of the Sabbath which is now departing till next week. The third is over the fire/light of a special multi-wicked candle-stick.
Havdalah ends with a song about Elijah called “Eliyahu HaNavi” (Elijah the Prophet). Elijah’s name is involved in the hopes that he will come to usher in the final eternal Shabbat of the Messianic Age. It ends with the words: “Come to us, With the messiah, son of David.
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